Cell bio lab report Essay

Purpose: During this experiment we compared the hemagglutination reaction of control Con A solution at 2 mg/ml in Con A buffer with the hemagglutination reaction of your own purified Con A sample that you diluted previously at 2 mg/ml in Con A buffer. The purpose of this lab was to determine the strength of the reaction by performing serial dilutions on both the Con A sample and the control Con A sample, and determine through observations whether or not addition of galactose or mannose will inhibit this reaction. I hypothesize that the Con A + galactose solutions will have partial agglutination and partial no agglutination, and the Con A + mannose solutions will have all no agglutination. Results: Rows A and B had half agglutination and half no agglutination, while row C had all no agglutination. Row D had half agglutination and half partial agglutination, while row E had 4 columns with agglutination and 8 columns with no agglutination. Row F had complete agglutination throughout. Con A reaction plate (Row/Column) Reaction A1-A6 (Control) Agglutination/inhibited A7-A12 (Control) No Agglutination/not inhibited B1-B6 (Con A + galactose) Agglutination/inhibited B7-B12 (Con A + galactose) No Agglutination/not inhibited C1-C12 (Con A + mannose) No Agglutination/not inhibited D1-D5 (Sample) Agglutination/inhibited D6-D12 (Sample) Partial agglutination/inhibited E1-E4 (Con A + galactose) Agglutination/inhibited E5-E12 (Con A + galactose) No Agglutination/not inhibited F1-F12 (Con A + mannose) No agglutination/not inhibited G1-G12 ((-)Control) Partial agglutination/inhibited H1-H12 (RBCs) Partial agglutination/inhibited Discussion: My hypothesis was proven correct, the Con A + galactose solutions did have partial agglutination and partial no agglutination, and the Con A + mannose solutions did have all no agglutination. This means that in the Con A + galactose solutions the ones that had agglutination the red cells aggregated with the lectin and sediment in the form of a uniform layer that covered the whole bottom of the well including the slopes, and in the Con A + mannose solutions the ones that failed to have agglutination take place covered only part of the bottom. We found through this experiment that the control Con A sample and the Con A sample had very similar strengths of reaction. Conclusion: In this experiment through serial dilutions on a 96 well plate we determined the strength of the each reaction on both the Con A sample and the control sample. We found through our experiment that the addition of galactose or mannose will partially inhibit or inhibit the reaction between our Con A sample and control Con A sample.

Mobile television Essay

Mobile television is television watched on a small handheld or mobile device. It includes pay TV service delivered via mobile phone networks or received free-to-air via terrestrial television stations. Regular broadcast standards or special mobile TV transmission formats can be used. Additional features include downloading TV programs and podcasts from the internet and the ability to store programming for later viewing. According to the Harvard Business Review, the growing adoption of smartphones allowed users to watch as much mobile video in just three days of the 2010 Winter Olympics as they watched throughout the entire 2008 Summer Olympics – an increase of 564%.[1] DMB in South Korea History The first pocket-sized mobile television was sold to the public by Clive Sinclair in January 1977. It was called the Microvision or the MTV-1. It had a 2-inch CRT screen and was also the first television which could pick up signals in multiple countries. It measured 102Ãâ€"159Ãâ€"41mm and was sold for less than  £100 in the UK and for around $400 in the US. The project took over ten years to develop and was funded by around  £1.6 million in British Government grants.[2][3] Mobile TV is one of the features provided by many 3G phones. In 2002, South Korea became the first country in the world to have a commercial mobile TV CDMA IS95-C network, and mobile TV over 3G (CDMA2000 1X EVDO) also became available that same year. In 2005, South Korea also became the first country in the world to have mobile TV when it started satellite DMB (S-DMB) and terrestrial DMB (T-DMB) services on May 1 and December 1, respectively. Today, South Korea and Japan are at the forefront of this developing sector.[4] Mobile TV services were launched by the operator CSL in Hong Kong, March 2006, on the 3G network.[5] BT in the United Kingdom was the among the first companies outside South Korea to launch Mobile TV in September 2006, although the service was abandoned less than a year later.[6] The same happened to â€Å"MFD Mobiles Fernsehen Deutschland†, who launched their DMB-based service June 2006 in Germany, and stopped it in April 2008.[7] Also in June 2006, mobile operator 3 in Italy (part of Hutchison Whampoa) launched their mobile TV service, but opposed to their counterpart in Germany this was based on DVB-H.[8] Sprint started offering the service in February 2006 and was the first US carrier to offer the service. In the US Verizon Wireless and more recently AT&T are offering the service. In South Korea, mobile TV is largely divided into satellite DMB (S-DMB) and terrestrial DMB (T-DMB). Although S-DMB initially had more content, T-DMB has gained much wider popularity because it is free and included as a feature in most mobile handsets sold in the country today. Challenges Mobile TV usage can be divided into three classes: †¢ Fixed – Watched while not moving, possibly moved when not being watched †¢ Nomadic – Watched while moving slowly (e.g. walking) †¢ Mobile – Watched when moving quickly (e.g. in a car) Each of these pose different challenges. Device Manufacturer’s challenges †¢ Power consumption – Continuous receipt, decoding, and display of video requires continuous power, and cannot benefit from all of the types of optimizations that are used to reduce power consumption for data and voice services. †¢ Memory – To support the large buffer requirements of mobile TV. Currently available memory capabilities will not be suited for long hours of mobile TV viewing. Furthermore, potential future applications like peer-to-peer video sharing in mobile phones and consumer broadcasting would definitely add to the increasing memory requirements. The existing P2P algorithms won’t be enough for mobile devices, necessitating the advent of mobile P2P algorithms. There is one start-up technology that claims patentability on its mobile P2P, but has not drawn attention from device manufacturers yet. †¢ Display – Larger and higher-resolution displays are necessary for a good viewing experience. †¢ Processing power – Si gnificantly more processor performance is required for mobile TV than that used for UI and simple applications, like browsers and messaging. Content Provider’s challenges †¢ Mobile TV specific content – Mobisodes: mobile episodes of popular shows which are relatively shorter (3 to 5 minutes), to suit the likely viewing habits of the mobile TV user. Digital TV North America As of January 2012, there are 120 stations in the United States broadcasting using the ATSC-M/H â€Å"Mobile DTV† standard – a mobile and handheld enhancement to the HDTV standard that improves handling of multipath interference while mobile.[9] The defunct MediaFLO used COFDM broadcast on UHF TV channel 55. Like satellite TV, it was encrypted and controlled by conditional access (provided via the cellular network). It required a subscription for each mobile device, and was limited to the AT&T Mobility or Verizon Wireless networks. Broadcast mobile DTV development While MediaFLO uses the TV spectrum and MobiTV used cell phone networks,[10] â€Å"mobile DTV† (ATSC-M/H) uses the digital TV spectrum. At the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) show in April 2007 in Las Vegas, the ATSC and 8VSB methods for delivering mobile DTV were shown. A-VSB (Advanced VSB), from Samsung and Rohde & Schwarz, was shown at the previous year’s show. In 2007, LG, whose Zenith Electronics came up with 8VSB, introduced (with Harris Group) its Mobile-Pedestrian-Handheld (MPH) system. As the broadcast networks began making their content available online, mobile DTV meant stations would have another way to compete. Sinclair Broadcast Group tested A-VSB in fall 2006, and its KVCW and KVMY were participating in the mobile DTV product demonstrations at the NAB show. A-VSB had worked in buses at the 2007 Consumer Electronics Mobile television Show. ION Media Networks started a test station on channel 38, which was to be used for digital LPTV, to use for a single-frequency network (SFN). In some areas, more than one TV transmitter would be needed to cover all areas. Mobile DTV could have been used at that time because it would not affect HDTV reception. A single standard, however, had to be developed.[11] At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2009, the first prototype devices from LG and other manufacturers were demonstrated, including receivers for cars from Kenwood, Visteon and Delphi. It was announced that 63 stations in 22 markets would debut the service in 2009. Gannett Broadcasting president David Lougee pointed out that many of those attending the inauguration of Barack Obama would likely hear him but not see him; had the new technology been in place, this would not have been a problem.[12] In April 2009, the Open Mobile Video Coalition, made up of over 800 broadcast stations, selected four test stations: Gannett’s WATL and ION’s WPXA-TV in Atlanta, and Fisher Communications’ KOMO-TV and Belo’s KONG-TV in Seattle. WPXA had begun mobile DTV broadcasting on April 1. The others would start in May.[13] Later in 2009, ION said it was making available HDTV, standard definition and Mobile DTV streams using its affiliates in New York City and Washington, D.C. The â€Å"triple-play† concept was part of an effort to create a Mobile DTV standard. At the time, only those with prototype receivers could pick up the streams. ION Chairman and CEO Brandon Burgess said mobile DTV lets stations â€Å"think beyond the living room and bring live television and real time information to consumers wherever they may be.†[14] The Advanced Television Systems Committee started work on mobile DTV standards in May 2007, and manufacturers and sellers worked q uickly to make the new technology a reality. The OMVC persuaded LG and Samsung to work together starting in May 2008 so that differing systems (possibly a self-destructing format war) would not delay or kill the technology. Early in July 2009, the ATSC Technology and Standards Group approved the ATSC-M/H standard for mobile DTV which all members green-lighted October 15. The public could be using the new devices by 2010, though watching TV on cell phones seemed unlikely in the near future since telephone manufacturers did not yet include that capability. The technology was expected to be used for polls and even voting.[15][16] By the end of the year, the ATSC and the Consumer Electronics Association began identifying products meeting the standard with â€Å"MDTV†.[17] Paul Karpowicz, NAB Television Board chairman and president of Meredith Broadcast Group, said This milestone ushers in the new era of digital television broadcasting, giving local TV stations and networks new opportunities to reach viewers on the go. This will introduce the power of local broadcasting to a new generation of viewers and provide all-important emergency alert, local news and other programming to consumers across the nation.[16] Later in July, the first multi-station tests began in Washington, D.C., while single stations in New York City and Raleigh, North Carolina already offered mobile DTV. The OMVC chose Atlanta’s WATL and Seattle’s KONG as â€Å"model stations† where product testing could take place. 70 stations in 28 media markets planned streams by the end of 2009. The Washington test would involve WPXW-TV, WUSA, WDCA, WRC-TV, WHUT-TV, WNUV in Baltimore, and WNVT, a part of MHz Networks, a multicasting service. All of the stations would have two of more channels each, with â€Å"electronic service guide and alert data† among the services. 20 sellers of equipment would use these stations to test using the existing standard, but testing the final standard would come later, and tests by the public would happen in 2010, when many more devices would be ready. Obviously, manufacturing large numbers of the devices could not take place without the final standard. LG, however, began mass-producing chips in June. ION technology vice president Brett Jenkins said, â€Å"We’re really at a stage like the initial launch of DTV back in 1998. There are almost going to be more transmitters transmitting mobile than receive devices on the market, and that’s probably what you’ll see for the next six to nine months.† Devices would eventually include USB dongles, netbooks, portable DVD players and in-car displays.[18] White House officials and members of Congress saw the triple-play concept in an ION demonstration on July 28, 2009 in conjunction with the OMVC.[19][20] Another demonstration took place October 16, 2009 with journalists, industry executives and broadcasters riding around Washington, D.C. in a bus with prototype devices. Included were those who would be testing the devices in the Washington and Baltimore markets in January 2010.[21] On August 7, 2009, BlackBerry service began on six TV stations–WISH-TV in Indianapolis; WAVY-TV in Hampton Roads, Virginia; KRQE in Albuquerque, New Mexico; WANE-TV in Fort Wayne, Indiana; WALA-TV in Mobile, Alabama; and KXAN-TV in Austin, Texas. 27 other stations will eventually offer the service, and LIN TV, which developed the BlackBerry service, has an iPhone application planned.[20] By October, 30 stations were airing mobile DTV signals, and that number was expected to be 50 by year-end. Also in the same month, FCC chair Julius Genachowski announced efforts to increase the amount of spectrum available to wireless services.[16] Also in August, WTVE and Axcera began testing a single-frequency network (SFN) with multiple transmitters using the new mobile standard. The RNN affiliate in Reading, Pennsylvania had used this concept since 2007.[22] Richard Mertz of Cavell, Mertz & Associates says VHF won’t work as well for mobile DTV because a 15-inch antenna or some other solution would be required, although he has heard from people who had no problems. An amplified antenna or higher power for the transmitting station would likely be needed, as well as repeater stations where terrain is a problem.[23] Lougee, whose company planned testing in its 19 markets in 2010, said the chip designs with the new devices made targeted advertising possible.[21] In December 2009, Concept Enterprises introduced the first Mobile DTV tuner for automobiles. Unlike earlier units, this one will provide a clear picture without pixilation in a fast-moving vehicle, using an LG M/H chip and a one-inch roof-mounted antenna. No subscription wil be required.[24] Also in December, the Consumer Electronics Association hosted a â€Å"plugfest† in Washington, D.C. to allow manufacturers to test various devices. More than 15 companies, and engineers from different countries, tested four transmission systems, 12 receiver systems, and four software types.[17][25] On December 1, News Corp. chairman Rupert Murdoch said mobile DTV would be important to the future of all journalism, and he planned to offer TV and possibly newspaper content in this way.[26] At the January 2010 Consumer Electronics Show, NAB head Gordon H. Smith disputed the idea that broadcasting’s days were numbered, calling mobile DTV the proof over-the-air television would continue its popularity. He said people would use cell phones and other devices to watch, and broadcast technology would be the best way to do this. Wireless broadband, which some wanted to replace broadcasting, would not be able to handle the demand for video services.[27] ION’s Burgess showed off one of the first iPhones capable of receiving mobile DTV, while ION’s Jenkins showed an LG Maze and a Valups Tivit; the latter sends signals to the iPod Touch and will soon work with the Google Nexus.[28] Sinclair Broadcast Group director of advanced technology Mark Aitken said the mobile DTV concept of multiple transmitters would help free up spectrum for wireless broadband in rural areas but not large cities. He also explained to the FCC that mobile DTV was the best method for sending out live video to those using cell phones and similar devices.[29] The OMVC’s Mobile DTV Consumer Showcase began May 3, 2010 and lasted all summer. Nine stations planned to distribute 20 programs, including local and network shows as well as cable programs, to Samsung Moment phones. Dell Netbooks and Valups Tivits also received programming.[30] On September 23, 2010, Media General began its first MDTV service at WCMH-TV in Columbus, Ohio and had plans to do the same a month later at WFLA-TV in the Tampa Bay, Florida area and five to seven more stations in its portfolio.[31] On November 19, 2010, a joint venture of 12 major broadcasters, known as the Mobile Content Venture, announced plans to upgrade TV stations in 20 markets representing 40 percent of the United States population to deliver live video to portable devices by the end of 2011.[32] Brian Lawlor, a Scripps TV senior vice president, said that, in September 2011, Scripps stations would offer an â€Å"app† allowing people with an iPhone or iPad to see emergency information (e.g. weather bulletins) in the event of a power outage.[33] In 2012, a number of stations plan to conduct tests of the Mobile Emergency Alert System (M-EAS), a system to deliver emergency information via mobile DTV.[34] In January, 2012, the MCV announced that MetroPCS would offer MCV’s Dyle mobile DTV service. Samsung planned an Android phone capable of receiving this service late in 2012.[35] At the end of 2012, Dyle was in 35  markets and capable of reaching 55 percent of viewers.[36] At the NAB show in April 2012, MCV announced that 17 additional television stations will launch mobile DTV, bringing the total to 92, covering more than 55% of US homes. Included are stations in three new markets – Austin, Texas, Boston, Massachusetts, and Dayton, Ohio.[37] In September 2012, WRAL-TV announced rollout of a Mobile Emergency Alert System based around mobile digital television technology.[38] A process called Syncbak uses cell phones rather than TV spectrum.[39] References [1] [2] [3] [4] Looking for TV Genius? | Red Bee Media (http:/ / www. tvgenius. net/ blog/ 2011/ 01/ 31/ 4-ways-smartphones-save-tv/ ) Clive’s achievements (http:/ / www. sinclair-research. co. uk/ about-srl. php) Sinclair Research Video and TV gear (http:/ / www. retrothing. com/ video_tv/ index. html), Retrothing.com NYTimes.com via Yahoo! Finance: Mobile TV Spreading in Europe and to the U.S. (http:/ / biz. yahoo. com/ nytimes/ 080506/ 1194771946810. html?. v=18), May 6, 2008 [5] 3G UK: The service is based on the Golden Dynamic Enterprises Ltd. (http:/ / www. 3g. co. uk/ PR/ March2006/ 2732. htm)’s â€Å"VOIR Portal† (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_m0EIN/ is_2006_Dec_4/ ai_n16881105) and follows the 3GPP standard 3G-324 M. The same service is also deployed to Philippines in 2007. [6] ZDnet: BT ditches mobile TV service (http:/ / news. zdnet. co. uk/ communications/ 0,1000000085,39288247,00. htm), 26 July 2007 [7] Broadband TV news: MFD hands back German T-DMB licence (http:/ / www. broadbandtvnews. com/ ?p=4682), May 1, 2008 [8] The Register: DVB-H rockets ahead in Italy (http:/ / www. theregister. co. uk/ 2006/ 07/ 28/ dvbh_success_in_italy/ ), 28 July 2006 [9] OMVC announces sizable growth in number of MDTV stations at CES | RF content from Broadcast Engineering (http:/ / broadcastengineering. com/ RF/ OMVC-mobile-DTV-presence-announces-growth-CES-01192012/ index. html) [10] Thompson, Mark (2010-06-03). â€Å"mobile tv cell phone networks:† (http:/ / mobitv. com/ technology/ managed-service-platform). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2010-06-03. [11] Dickson, Glen (2007-04-14). â€Å"NAB: Mobile DTV Hits the Strip† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 108538-NAB_Mobile_DTV_Hits_the_Strip. php). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-07-21. [12] Dickson, Glen (2009-01-11). â€Å"CES: Broadcasters’ Mobile DTV Moment† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 161893-CES_Broadcast ers_Mobile_DTV_Moment. php?rssid=20102& q=broadcasters+ mobile+ dtv+ moment). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-12-03. [13] Dickson, Glen (2009-04-20). â€Å"NAB 2009: Broadcasters Set Mobile DTV Test Markets† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 209447-NAB_2009_Broadcasters_Set_Mobile_DTV_Test_Markets. php?rssid=20068& q=broadcasters+ set+ mobile+ dtv+ test+ markets). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-12-17. [14] Dickson, Glen (2009-06-29). â€Å"ION Broadcasts Mobile DTV in N.Y., D.C.: Hails Its Digital TV â€Å"Triple Play†Ã¢â‚¬  (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 307120-ION_Broadcasts_Mobile_DTV_in_N_Y_D_C_. php?rssid=20068& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-07-02. [15] Dickson, Glen (2009-07-06). â€Å"ATSC-M/H voted to proposed standard status† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 307463-Mobile_DTV_is_Almost_Official. php?rssid=20065& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-07-08. [16] Dickson, Glen (2009-10-16). â€Å"Mobile DTV Standard Approved† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 358341-Mobile_DTV_Standard_Approved. php?rssid=20292& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-10-16. [17] Dickson, Glen (2009-12-16). â€Å"ATSC Launches Certification Program For Mobile DTV† ( http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 440764-ATSC_Launches_Certification_Program_For_Mobile_DTV. php?rssid=20102& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-12-17. [18] Dickson, Glen (2009-07-13). â€Å"Special Report: Mobile DTV Heats Up† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 314792-Special_Report_Mobile_DTV_Heats_Up. php). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-07-15. [19] Dickson, Glen (2009-07-22). â€Å"ION, OMVC Organize DTV Showcase in D.C.† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 316065-ION_OMVC_Organize_DTV_Showcase_in_D_C_. php?rssid=20068& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-07-22. [20] Eggerton, John (2009-08-07). â€Å"LIN TV Develops Blackberry App For Mobile TV Service† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 326796-LIN_TV_Develops_Blackberry_App_For_Mobile_TV_Service. php?q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-08-11. [21] Eggerton, John (2009-10-16). â€Å"OMVC Doe s Mobile DTV Tour† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 358415-OMVC_Does_Mobile_DTV_Tour. php?rssid=20103& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-10-23. [22] Dickson, Glen (2009-12-18). â€Å"WTVE Tests SFN For Mobile DTV† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 441031-WTVE_Tests_SFN_For_Mobile_DTV. php?rssid=20065& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2010-01-13. [23] Jessell, Harry A. (2009-09-24). â€Å"Digital VHF Needs A Power Boost† (http:/ / www. tvnewscheck. com/ articles/ 2009/ 09/ 24/ daily. 2/ ). TVNewsCheck. . Retrieved 2009-10-15. [24] Gilroy, Amy (2009-11-09). â€Å"First Mobile DTV Car Tuner At $499† (http:/ / www. twice. com/ article/ 388144-First_Mobile_DTV_Car_Tuner_At_499. php/ ). TWICE. . Retrieved 2009-11-10. [25] Dickson, Glen (2009-12-02). â€Å"Mobile DTV Picks Up Speed† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 394993-Mobile_DTV_Picks_Up_Speed. php?rssid=20068& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-12-03. [26] Eggerton, John (2009-12-01). â€Å"Murdoch Says Mobile TV Is Key to Future† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 391233-Murdoch_Says_Mobile_TV_Is_Key_to_Future. php?rssid=20070& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2009-12-03. [27] Dickson, Glen (2010-01-07). â€Å"CES 2010: Broadcasters Tout Mobile DTV Progress† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 442953-CES_2010_Broadcasters_Tout_Mobile_ DTV_Progress. php?rssid=20068& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2010-01-13. [28] Dickson, Glen (2010-01-09). â€Å"NAB Shows Off New Spectrum Applications† (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 443352-NAB_Shows_Off_New_Spectrum_Applications. php?rssid=20068& q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting & Cable. . Retrieved 2010-01-13.

Determining the Strength of Acids and Bases

Strong electrolytes are completely dissociated into ions in water. The acid or base molecule does not exist in aqueous solution, only ions. Weak electrolytes are incompletely dissociated. Here are definitions and examples of strong and weak acids and strong and weak bases. Strong Acids Strong acids completely dissociate in water, forming H and an anion. There are six strong acids. The others are considered to be weak acids. You should commit the strong acids to memory: HCl: hydrochloric acidHNO3: nitric acidH2SO4: sulfuric acidHBr: hydrobromic acidHI: hydroiodic acidHClO4: perchloric acid If the acid is 100 percent dissociated in solutions of 1.0 M or less, it is called strong. Sulfuric acid is considered strong only in its first dissociation step;  100 percent dissociation isnt true as solutions become more concentrated.   H2SO4 → H HSO4- Weak Acids A weak acid only partially dissociates in water to give H and the anion. Examples of weak acids include hydrofluoric acid, HF, and acetic acid, CH3COOH. Weak acids include: Molecules that contain an ionizable proton. A molecule with a formula starting with H usually is an acid.Organic acids containing one or more carboxyl group, -COOH. The H is ionizable.Anions with an ionizable proton (e.g., HSO4- → H SO42-).CationsTransition metal cationsHeavy metal cations with high chargeNH4 dissociates into NH3 H Strong Bases Strong bases dissociate 100 percent into the cation and OH- (hydroxide ion). The hydroxides of the Group I and Group II metals usually are considered to be strong bases. LiOH: lithium hydroxideNaOH: sodium hydroxideKOH: potassium hydroxideRbOH: rubidium hydroxideCsOH: cesium hydroxide*Ca(OH)2: calcium hydroxide*Sr(OH)2: strontium hydroxide*Ba(OH)2: barium hydroxide * These bases completely dissociate in solutions of 0.01 M or less. The other bases make solutions of 1.0 M and are 100 percent dissociated at that concentration. There are other strong bases than those listed, but they are not often encountered. Weak Bases Examples of weak bases include ammonia, NH3, and diethylamine, (CH3CH2)2NH. Like weak acids, weak bases do not completely dissociate in aqueous solution. Most weak bases are anions of weak acids.Weak bases do not furnish OH- ions by dissociation. Instead, they react with water to generate OH- ions.

Finding A Winning Strategy On Uk Stock Market Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1871 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? 1.0 Introduction Warren Buffett is considered the most successful among investment community of experts. Actually his words and deeds are treated as a golden rule by the global investors. There are two secrets of success according to Buffett: First, the long-held strategy; the second is ignore market . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Finding A Winning Strategy On Uk Stock Market Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Buffett is a model of long-term investment. When making investment choice, he never treats himself as market analysts, but as business operators. Buffett buying stocks before, do a lot of good lessons in advance, know about this stock the companys products, financial condition, future growth, and even potential competitors. One interesting point is that Buffett strongly opposed to short-term trading, saying that it is just a waste of time and money, and it will affect the operating performance of your body. Buffett said: I do not intend to buy the shares the next day to make money, I buy stocks, always assume that exchange will be closed tomorrow, 5 years before they re-open and resume trading. He warned investors, for the stock of any file, if you not sure if you can hold for 10 years, then do not even consider holding for 10 minutes. Buffett has $ 10,600,000 in 1972 to buy the Washington Post stock, and the value has been added to 9.3 billion dollars in 1999. In 27 years the Washington Post shares rose 86 times, although 27 years in the United States in the market went through ups and downs, Washington Post also had a severe shock, diving and surge appears countless times. However, the final proof of the fact that long-term and patience as Buffett has brought considerable gains. According to Buffett, the second key to success is: Ignore the market, the so-called Ignore the market is that not to read too much short-term market volatility, investor sentiment about the market not to be and not too be over sensitive on market behavior, or Image. In a word, do not be assertive in time with Mr. Market dance. Since he holds long-term investment patterns, Buffett advocates should ignore all the market, including price volatility and all market information, of course, do not bother economists, analysts, and the stock brokers proposal, as securities brokers provides some so-called views and reasons to lure investors buying and selling stocks, which investors earn fees and commissions. The report is organized as follows: It first introduces some basic rules in trading to be aware of in Section 2. Then two technical trading strategies: Momentum strategy and MACD strategy are illustrated in Section 3 and 4. Also, the implementation of these strategies on UK stock market in my model investment is explained. Finally, Efficient Market Hypothesis is briefly discussed and my results provide weak support for it. 2.0 Some basic rules in investing Here are some advices from Richard Rhodes before I enter the stock market. The first and also the most important rule to be keep in mind is that a long position is to be hold in bull markets. This may sound obvious, but a lot of people have sold the first rally in every bull market, saying that the market has moved too far. The next is to buy that which is showing strength sell that which is showing weakness. The public continues to buy when prices have fallen. However, the professional buys because prices have rallied. The rule of survival is not to buy low, sell high, but to buy higher and sell higher. So never be afraid of seemingly high prices. Furthermore, be patient. This means that when an opportunity to buy is missed, waiting for another instead of trying to catch up with the trend in a hurry. Another interesting one is that never adds to a losing trade to reach the average effects in the position. To put it in another word, for long position holders, each new buy price must be higher than the previous buy price. 3.0 Momentum trading strategy Jegadeesh and Titman (1993)s study showed that experience in the U.S. stock market over the past 3 to 12 months good or poor performance of stocks (winners or losers) in the next 3-12 months will continue to perform better or worse, the construction of arbitrage portfolios using this phenomenon (winner to buy, short selling losers) yields abnormal returns that can be sustained. This shows that changes in stock prices show a rise or decline inertia, namely, the existence of momentum effects. This phenomenon is contrary to the traditional risk-based asset pricing theory. The existence of momentum effect that changes in stock prices there is a pattern, which means the practice of technical analysis in investment has some value, its trading strategies of investors have a significant impact. The momentum trading strategies based on the momentum effects catches many market participants attention. From the investors point of view, only knowing the benefits of momentum strategies is not enough, they must also examine the profit net of transaction costs. Jegadeesh and Titman (1993) hold the view that, on average, the half-year turnover rate for momentum trading strategy is 84.8%. 4.0 Technical trading strategy: using MACD The investment philosophy hold by most people can be divided into two categories, one is the so called buy-hold, the main representative of this view is Malkiel ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  1990 ¼Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °, contending that the stock prices are random walk and is not predictable, so the analysis is often trying to predict stock trend is not valid. Therefore the best way is to buy and hold; The second is active operational, according to this method of analysis, the trend is predictable, they or the use of fundamental analysis, or to use technical analysis, or combine the two methods together to analyze information so as to predict stock movements, which take advantage of favorable earnings trend, and also avoid the negative trend. Because technical analysis is easy to understand, simple to use, it gains popularity among the majority of active operational investors. The technical analysis moving average method is an important indicator and it is widely used. According to W. K. Wong, M. Manzur and B. K. Chew ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  2003 ¼Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °, there are many ways to calculate the moving average. Most widely used among them are the following three ways: simple arithmetic mean, linear weighted moving average method and the exponentially weighted moving average method. The core idea of the latter two methods is to give greater weight to the prices close from now, and then two methods is based on the simple arithmetic mean method, they are actually the changed form of simple arithmetic average, the basic ideas are contained in the simple among the arithmetic mean law. To analyze the moving average trading strategy, we must first model the trading strategy, clearly they relate to the indicators, parameters and trading signals. First, the use of moving average method, we must clearly define the moving average line. Here, we directly use a simple weighting method, the first x days moving average value on the t day is: Where, I is the closing price. Second, the use of moving average method, we must determine whether the transaction rules. In accordance with the technical analysis theory, we assume that when the closing price of the upward moving average line, the value increased to above the moving average, it sends the signal to buy; when closing prices are down across the moving average, moving average value decreased to below, it issued a sell signal. That is: If and then it is a strong signal to buy on the t day. If and then it is a strong signal to sell on the t day. If then the investor should hold the position unchanged. Based on these strategies and advices, I bought BP, RBS and LLOY. And the attached excel file includes transactions in detail. The result turns out that the return on this portfolio closely resembles that of FTSE100, however, it still can not beat the market. This may be a supporting evidence for Efficient Market Hypothesis, while its effects are not that strong. 5.0 Brief discussion of EMH Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) originated from the securities laws of price change. By examine the securities prices time series analysis, which is combined with random walk theory, the use of the theory has been greatly developed. In 1970, the American economist Fama ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  1970 ¼Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ° proposed the efficient market hypothesis, and thus there is a systematic summary of past research results, he propose a more complete theoretical framework. Efficient market means that in a stock market, securities prices fully reflect all the information possible to obtain or use, the price of each security will always be equal to its intrinsic value, no one can continue to reap excessive profits. The essence is that the stock price series reflect the efficiency of the relevant information (the degree of response and reaction efficiency), which requires the current stock price fully reflect all relevant information. Only when new information is received, the price wil l change. The previous days information will not lead to price changes. The amount of investors in the market is large enough to ensure fair prices, the market role of the collective production of the equilibrium price. Fama(1970) in the study of the issue, took note of the securities of two problems: First, stock price information and the relationship between changes in how that information caused by price changes; the second is related with the price of securities the types of information. Different information has different impact on the price level of securities, relevant information will be divided into three categories: historical information, public information and internal information, and according to these three defined three different levels of information efficiency of markets: weak efficient market, semi-strong efficient market and strong efficient market. From the three levels of the efficient market point of view, from weak to semi-strong efficient and effective and t hen to a strong and effective, is a progression from low to high relationship, and not vice versa. Efficient market theory is built on three theoretical assumptions: First, investors are considered to be rational, they take utility maximization as the goal, which is based on the known information for processing in accordance with Bayes rule, and thus give unbiased estimation of the market to make, so they can make a reasonable valuation of the securities; Second, in a way some investors are not rational, but because of securities transactions between them is carried out randomly, so they non-rational will cancel each other out, so the price of the securities will not be affected; Third, according to Shleifer(2000). In some cases, non-rational investors make the same mistakes, but they will be affected by the arbitrage of rational investors, which will eliminate the former on the prices. 6.0 Conclusion In the field of investment, there are some golden rules suggested by famous economists as well as successful investing tycoon to be kept in mind. This report adopts mainly technical methods to decide the right timing to buy. A bundle of large cap stocks and well-known companies are chosen. The technical strategy used here are momentum trading and MACD. The return turns out nearly to beat the market, that is, the return during the trading days on FTSE100. This provides weak support for the efficient market hypothesis.

Utilitarianism The And Influential Moral Theories

Utilitarianism is one of the most renowned and influential moral theories. The basis of act utilitarianism is maximizing utility, that is, doing the things that maximize happiness over suffering. Utilitarians reject moral codes that are based on customs or traditions given by leaders or supernatural deities because they judge the truth or justifiability of morality as its positive contribution to all beings. Both act utilitarians and rule utilitarians concur that the overall aim in determining the morality of our actions should be to create the best possible results, but they differ in their methods. However, do the methods of act utilitarianism stand up to the traditional rule utilitarian style? Per say that a person maximizes the utility of each specific action that they do, then they have maximized the overall utility that is within their power. If a person occasionally choses options that produce less positive results than other solutions, the total positivity of their actions wo uld be less than the amount of positive than could have been created. This reason is what allows act utilitarians to argue that humans should apply the utilitarian principle to specific acts, not to classes of similar actions. Act utilitarianism is the most natural interpretation of utilitarian ideals, and elaborates further into what is morally correct, as opposed to the traditional rule utilitarian style. For instance, the Ten Commandments are a set of traditional rules that focus on generalShow MoreRelatedThe Most Influential Moral Theories : Virtue Ethics, Deontology, And Utilitarianism2412 Words   |  10 Pagesthe moral criteria that we as human beings have. They are the rules of the game that are supposed to guide us through our decision making in life and how to behave to one another as part of a society. 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Utilitarianism is one of these many moral theories. Upon further analysis, problems with utilitarian thoughts are revealed. It has been widely debated by many philosophers, including G.E. Moore and ImmanuelRead MoreBroad-Based Blac Economic Empowerment996 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle is to discuss the ethical consequences of BBBEE and other affirmative action tools implemented by the South African Government, and the role of these measures in the present and future workplace. Stakeholder Theory Stakeholder theory states that managers within a company have a moral duty beyond merely maximizing profits and not involving potential role players (Beauchamp 2009). It says that a manager has ethical obligations to help all stakeholders within a company as well as external stakeholdersRead MoreThe Moral Problem Of A Moral Theory1450 Words   |  6 PagesSome people think that one aim of a moral theory is to give one a â€Å"decision procedure† to use when faced with moral problems. 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Antigone Essay free essay sample

Pride is not a symbol for strength, but of arrogance. It does not modify you as a powerful individual, but as a weakling with feign courage. It is not something to be proud of, for it veils you with vanity and ignorance so delicately and innocently that it betrays your conscience into thinking that it is a normal feeling that has no consequence whatsoever. An example of this infamous trap is presented in the play of tragedy Antigone, written by Sophocles himself. A character by the name of Creon was a victim of pride born from his position as ruler of the city of Thebes. It wasn’t long before he wallowed in sorrow, as pride swallowed in whole, smothering his familial views, killing his feel for care, and taking its place beside the ones he loved so. The motive by which Creon committed was a lethal mistake. His law of a deadly penalty crushed his son’s wife’s heart. We will write a custom essay sample on Antigone Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That wife, Antigone, was determined to break his law to her love’s expense. She was not content with her brother’s improper burial and of his title, the â€Å"Traitor of Thebes†. Although she was aware of his treacherous actions, she was not about to stand back and watch her own blood and flesh rot to the ground, with no recognition or remembrance. I was born to join in love, not hate- that is my nature. † (Line 590) So she was determined to become a â€Å"glorified criminal†, determined to bury her mother’s son. â€Å"I will bury him myself. And even if I die in the act, that death will be a glory. † (Line 86). Creon believed her foolish, disloyal, yet passionate and wild. He ignored her views and spit on her face, as he responded, â€Å"Go down below and love, if love you must-love the dead! While I’m alive, no woman is going to lord it over me. † (Lines 592-594) This proves of Creon’s pride, his blindness at the sight before him. He will not allow Antigone dominate his authority, which is translation for ‘I will disregard my son’s useless wife because she is a woman, a weaker being under me, not because she is part of my family. ’ As the ruler of Thebes, it is understandable that Creon takes his job seriously and sets it on his priority list. However, his worst mistake was that his family came second, if not third. He valued his proud position of head of state, and would not tolerate any disloyal act, hence his law of prohibition of Polynices’s mourn. He does not care if Polynices was, too, part of his family, merely tossed him aside because he wounded Creon’s pride. He did not care when Haemon pleaded him with his eyes and struggled to help his father notice his blunder before it was too late. â€Å"You’ve seen trees by a raging winter torrent, how many sway with the flood and salvage every twig, but not the stubborn-they’re ripped out, roots and all. Bend or break†¦ Oh give away. Relax your anger – change! † (Lines 797-800, 804) However, as ignorant as ever, Creon takes no notice of the large warning sign below his nose. So, men our age, we’re supposed to be lectured, are we? – schooled by a boy his age? †¦This boy, I do believe, is fighting on her side, the woman’s side. † (Lines 813-815, 828-829) He does not realize the severe consequences that are about to follow his mistakes. Because of the death sentence hovering and raining down on Antigone, his wife, his hero, Haemon became intoxicated with sorrow and despair. He threatened another life loss following Antigone’s potential death, a threat dangerously tossed aside. After Antigone was found hung in the bricked imprisonment, Haemon was driven to take his sword to his chest, a tragedy Eurydice, Creon’s wife, could not bear. Three deaths, three losses, three strikes and Creon was out. Too many warnings were blown his way, and was blessed with many opportunities to prevent the calamity that took place. â€Å"Take these things to heart, my son, I warn you†¦ Stubbornness brands you for stupidity – pride is a crime. † (Lines 1131, 1136-1137) Sadly, he let his brick wall made of the finest feign courage get in his way. He let his pride take control of his life decisions. Once he tried to amend his errors, he had fallen low, and it was too late. Pride had given his loved ones to death at its doorstep, and abandoned Creon like an empty shell. Pride must not be let in control in any circumstance. It disguises itself with a foreign innocence that backstabs you once you give it an ounce of trust. Antigone is the perfect example of pride empowering a ruler, who tried to rid of the pest a second too late. Would you be a proud ruler, or the ruler of pride? You decide.

Philos, Eros, Agape Love in Religion Essay Example

Philos, Eros, Agape Love in Religion Paper Philia, eros, and agape are three different Greek terms for the word. These three terms explain the different types of love a human being can acquire. Philia is a love of friendship, which is grounded in commonality. However, eros is a kind of love that seeks something from the other person or thing. Lastly, agape is the love that wills the good of the other and is completely self-giving. The meanings of these Greek terminologies, philia, eros, and agape, allow us to better understand and discuss our relationship with God and human fulfillment. In order to find human fulfillment, one must find God of Jesus Christ as well. Erotic loving is our desire for this fulfillment, which can be seen through eros. Human nature can be simply defined in our constant want and need for infinite. The infinite, for humans, is never being satisfied, always wanting more, the best, and as much as we can get of something. This insatiable drive within all of us takes us to the question of human fulfillment. Eros is not a noun but yet an action or an activity. For instance, eros is the longing and search for a significant other throughout our lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Philos, Eros, Agape Love in Religion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Philos, Eros, Agape Love in Religion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Philos, Eros, Agape Love in Religion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By the same token, we search for God and yearn for infinite happiness and fulfillment from God. All human beings in one-way or another seek about human fulfillment. An example of someone who struggled with human fulfillment is Augustine. Although later he became known as Saint Augustine, in his earlier years he was everything but. Augustine was very intrigued by very common materialistic desires such as worldly possessions and lust. These skewed desires enthralled his thoughts, words, and actions. Consequently, Augustine became involved in petty crimes in order to feed this idea of â€Å"love† in the materialistic world. This concept of love and desire can be further illustrated as a receding horizon; the farther you continue into the horizon the bigger and more numerous your wants become. Later on Augustine reflected upon his materialistic ways of life and made significant life changes to become the Saint Augustine he is referred to today. As exemplified, the essence of eros can have a negative outlook and has been evaluated as such by Jean Paul Sartre. Sartre attested that the human being is a useless passion due to our insatiable desires. Markedly, human beings desire to retain the infinite and that need is simply impossible. For the search for the unlimited is tiresome and unappeasable. Conversely, there is an alternate way of looking at eros. In order to have hope, God has to appear to human life as not a receding horizon but an absolute savior. Human beings long for the truth and due to the constraints of science and history, Jesus is seen in an alternate way because he is no longer limited by space or time. In this case, Karl Rahner and Saint Augustine both agree that God always initiates the relationship with human life. Namely, they asserted that we are constantly drawn to God and God is not drawn to us. Because of this, we have the option of forming a better relationship with God. Rahner said that God dispenses his grace to all human beings of every religion in and God is continually accepting. Chiefly, it is not God’s choice to accept or deny us, for that is not his matter?. Anthony De Mello describes another explanation of human fulfillment to us. He explains to us that in order to have human fulfillment, we must detach ourselves from our worldly attachments. As human beings, we allow ourselves to believe that we cannot be happy without a certain thing or person in our life. Thus, that is not correct. We completely wreck ourselves with the belief in finite things. De Mello also emphasizes that we shouldn’t not care about these things and people in our life but rather we realize that we can live without them and be intent with that. ? Besides eros being a description of love there is also philia. Philia is the love of friendship or brotherly love. This kind of love is seen most commonly between friends who share things in common. Once we seek God, we have a friendship with God. Although, God is not described by philia because it is not completely reliable due to changes in friendships in positive and negative ways, and God’s love never changes. On the contrary to philia, agapic love is God. The terminology of agape explains God’s love as it wills the good of the other. Agape is all self-giving and never asks for anything in return. When a person gives them self to God, this love is agape. Nevertheless, agape and philia types of are critical to having a strong relationship with God. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The doctrine of the Trinity can be viewed as God invites human beings into the inner life of God. Consequently, the doctrine of the Trinity correlates with this topic of discussing the types of love. The idea that God is three persons, yet one essence exhibits that God revealing Godself. God not only communicates with us, but he also draws us into the Trinity. Rahner expressed that the doctrine of the Trinity â€Å"is not a subtle theological and speculative game but is about the self-communication of God. † In the final analysis, there are two models that Christian theologians have formulated in an attempt to address the question of the salvation of non-Christians. These models are the Replacement Model and the Fulfillment Model. The Replacement Model mainly represents the Fundamentalist and Evangelist churches which existed over most of Christian history. This model emphasizes the scriptures from a literal standpoint. According to the Replacement Model, in order to be saved one must be in connection with the Church. Quite clearly, the Replacement model is not very accepting of other religions and believes only Christians will have salvation. ? The Fulfillment Model represents the majority of modern day Christians. The Fulfillment Model preaches the perspective that Christians need to have dialogue with non-Christians. In addition, many Christians think it’s not fair to punish those who have never learned the religion of Christianity or even heard of it. The Fulfillment Model is a way to accommodate people of all different faiths and as long as they are moral, that they too will see eternal life with God. By and large, Karl Rahner’s ideas mostly correlate with the ideas of the Fulfillment Model. The only real difference is that he states is that other religious views are also true. The church did not accept Rahner’s view because quite simply the church thought that other religions couldn’t be true and by believing so it devalued the image of Jesus in the Christian Church. In Vatican II, the council agreed with Rahner’s except they said there was no such thing as â€Å"anonymous Christians† and that other religions cannot be viewed as ways of salvation. Moreover, I believe that the Fulfillment model is the most accurate description of how non-Christians should be viewed. I believe that all people have salvation in God because God knows and loves all human beings. Lastly, I believe that by thinking that God doesn’t save non-Christians limits the idea God’s everlasting love.